It took Google’s Transformer model from 2017 a whopping $900 to train. 💸

This in contrast to the $191 million Google spent on Gemini Ultra sounds like a bargain! 💰

Gemini Ultra required 50 billion petaFLOPS (one petaFLOP equals one quadrillion FLOPs). 🤖
Compared to OpenAI’s GPT-4, which required 21 billion petaFLOPS, at a cost of $78 million. 💡

2017: Original Transformer Model: $930 [@Google ] 💻
2018: BERT-Large: $3,288 [@Google] 📚
2019: RoBERTa Large: 160k [@Meta] 🌐
2020: GPT-3(175B): $4.32M [@OpenAI] 🧠
2023: Llama 2 70B: $3.93M [@Meta] 🐑
2023: GPT-4: $78.35M [@OpenAI] 🌟
Now, Gemini Ultra: $191.4M [@Google] 🚀

This forms an exponential curve! 🤯

But, why? 🤔
Compute, data, and expertise. All three come at a great cost! ⚙️📊💡

Google recently made Gemini-1.5-Flash fine-tuning free, as it's almost impossible for regular businesses to justify an in-house trained foundational model! 🆓

This barrier of cost is going to result in fewer new foundational models/less competition and more fine-tunes! 📉🔄

Data [Stanford University’s 2024 AI Index Report]: https://aiindex.stanford.edu/report/
Graphic: https://voronoiapp.com/technology/Googles-Gemini-Ultra-Cost-191M-to-Develop--1088

Many thanks to everyone spending tons of resources and open-sourcing the models! 🤗

Voronoiapp

Google’s Gemini Ultra Cost $191M to Develop ✨

What we’re showing
The estimated training costs of select AI models, based on analysis from AI research institute, Epoch AI.